Technical statement on commercial natural gas in cng and lngfueled mobile heavyduty engine applications executive summary commercial natural gas utilized as a compressed natural gas cng or liquefied natural gas lng fuel in mobile heavyduty engine applications must consistently demonstrate. Under certain conditions, the distinctive odorant added to natural gas may be diminished or lost so that it cannot be smelled. Nov 20, 2003 natural gas hydrates are solid, nonstoichiometric compounds of small gas molecules and water. However, the concepts of pressure and temperature deserve a little more discussion. Community gas areas that do not have access to pipeline natural gas may seek to have natural gas delivered to the town. In the 20th century, natural gas, composed primarily of methane, became the dominant source of fuel gas, as instead of having to be manufactured in various processes, it could be extracted from deposits in the earth. Compressed natural gas cng cng model slide from hexagonlincoln. Technical statement on commercial natural gas in cng and lng.
Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid. Natural gas can be compressed, so it can stored and used as compressed natural gas cng. Physiochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from. Natural gas is an odorless, nontoxic, gaseous mixture of hydrocarbonspredominantly methane ch 4.
Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas. However, the key difference is that compressed natural gas is a gas that is stored at high pressure, while liquefied natural gas is an uncompressed liquid form that is stored at a low temperature. Compressed hydrogen can be transported by trucks in gas cylinders or gas tubes with pressures between 200 and 500 bar. They form when the constituents come into contact at low temperature and high pressure. Pipeline gas sds numbergrade ng 200801 relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against recommended use residential, commercial and industrial heating, industrial feedstock, power generation and vehicle transportation details of the supplier of the safety data. Properties of natural gas western manufactured housing. Lessons learned for the safe deployment of vehicles workshop.
Lpg is liquid under pressure but becomes gaseous in ambient conditions. Worldwideliquefied petroleum gas lpg production is limited to about 10% of total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption and is used to a great extent for domestic and industrial purposes. Properties of natural gas and diesel alternative fuels data centre. Gasolinee10 low sulfur diesel biodiesel compressed natural gas cng electricity ethanole100 hydrogen liquefied natural gas lng. Natural gas, colourless highly flammable gaseous hydrocarbon consisting primarily of methane and ethane. Preparation it is made by compressing the natural gas composed of methane to less than 1% of the volume at stnd. Compressed natural gas storage cng storage vs lpg storage compressed natural gas storage is the storage of gaseous methane at the high pressure of 20 25 mpa 200 bar to 250 bar in special cng gas cylinders. The air resources board arb has led a multiagency research effort to collect emissions data from latemodel heavyduty transit buses in five different configurations. Compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuels workshop. Composition of natural gas and crude oil produced from 14. At standard temperature and pressure, natural gas has a density of around 0. Cng compressed natural gas it is substitute fossil fuel for diesel,petrol,propane 4.
Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas lpg. Pdf natural gas in the form of compressed natural gas cng becoming the subject of. Create a custom chart comparing fuel properties and characteristics for multiple fuels. Measurable properties of gases what we mean when we talk about the amount of gas present usually expressed in moles or the volume it occupies is fairly clear. Cng is cheaper and cleaner, but lpg has a higher calorific value. It is not a pure element like oxygen, but a mixture of gases of which hydrocarbon gases are the components that are combustible and produce heat. Compressed natural gas cng is typically stored in a tank at a pressure of 3,000 to 3,600 pounds per square inch. All these three forms of matter solid, liquid and gas are generally referred as states of matter. Technical aspects of compressed natural gas properties, storage, safety problems and its effect on engine performance, efficiency, emissions and barriers to natural gas vehicles adaptation are. In the past the use of compressed natural gas cng as a. Three technology options internal combustion engine vehicle 1 burning compressed natural gas plugin electric vehicle 3 generation.
Fire protection association nfpa and the compressed gas association cga have published safety standards that address the storage, use, and handling of hydrogen in industrial applications that date back to the first edition of nfpa 567 later renumbered as nfpa 50a national fire protection association 1963 circa 1960. Basic properties of natural gas flammable lighter than air colorless nontoxic odorless tasteless ignition temperature range 1200 f. Compressed hydrogen an overview sciencedirect topics. Gas fires should not be extinguished unless flow of gas can be immediately stopped. Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, cleanburning fuel. Burning natural gas produces less sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen than burning other fossil fuels.
Because it can be stored as a liquid at atmospheric temperatures, propane has a huge advantage over natural gas, which must be highly compressed to store the same amount of energy in a similar sized tank. Compressed natural gas hose electrically conductive 5cng. Material safety data sheet argon compressed roc group of companies page 2 of 6. Acetone thermophysical properties chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2propanone, dimethyl ketone and. The properties of lpg properties of propane and butane include.
Physiochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from cng and diesel buses. Technical evaluation and assessment of cnglpg bifuel. In both liquefied natural gas technology and compressed natural gas technology the gases are stored forms of natural gas. The water vapour content of natural gas in the union gas system is less than 80 mgm3, and is typically 16 to 32 mgm3. Natural gas also emits little ash particulate into the air when it is burned. Do not rely on sense of smell alone to determine if there is a gas leak or if gas is otherwise present. A motor vehicle with a combustion engine fueled by natural gas. Compressed natural gas cng storage can also be in larger vessels or vehicle fuel tanks. Compressed natural gas cng motor vehicle fuel specifications california environmental protection agency air resources board may 19, 2010. The behavior of natural gas, whether pure methane or a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons and the nonhydrocarbons nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, must be understood by the engineer who is designing the operating equipment for its production, processing, and transportation. Transport compressed gas cylinders on equipment designed for this function. It is a type of petroleum that commonly occurs in association with crude oil. Combustion and physical properties of compressed natural gas cng, diesel, and gasoline. Natural gas is a naturallyoccurring mixture of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous formations beneath the earths surface.
Propane is extracted from natural gas processing or from the. Properties of natural gas and propane physical characteristics of which operators should be aware. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels. Because it is a gas, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous or liquefied state. Pdf technical overview of compressed natural gas cng. The gastofluid ratio is variable but generally high, on the order of 50,000 to 500,000 standard cubic feet scf, an abbreviation used in the oilandgas industry of gas per barrel of oil or brine. The question of using natural gas as a transport fuel, there fore, is not a response to diminishing oil resources but the result of environmental con siderations. Critical temperatures and pressures for some common substances. Cng is compressed natural gas, which is mainly methane compressed at a pressure of 200 to 248 bars.
Cng requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of natural gas and the use of very high pressure on about 200 bar or 2,900 psi 3. Natural gas is typically compressed to 200 bar or 250 bar for use in vehicles. Shipment of compressed gas cylinders that have not been filled with the owners consent is a. Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods a liquids boiling data at 1 atm freezing data liquid properties normal latent heat of latent heat specific boiling vaporization freezing of fusion temperature, density heat substance point, c h. Liquefied natural gas lng is supercooled and stored in its liquid. You might be aware, natural gas is compressed and supplied as fuel for vehicles in the name of cng compressed natural gas.
In this study, a computer program has been developed to calculate the thermal properties of natural gas mixture in addition of. However, the cylinders used to store the cng take up space in the trunk of a car or. Some variants of lpg are primarily propane so lpg is often colloquially called propane. Lpg is liquefied petroleum gas, a mixture of propane and butane liquefied at 15 c and a pressure of 1. Gas detection equipment should be used, particularly when working in confined areas. Burial dept and minimum cover of underground natural gas pipes. Compressed gas definitions compressed gasesthe dangers compressed gases are dangerous because they are under pressure and because they may be oxidizers and they may be corrosive, flammable, toxic, or highly toxic. Cng may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesnt. Important properties combustible gas combustible when mixed with air propane is combustible in a 210% mix with air. Worldwideliquefied petroleum gas lpg production is limited to about 10% of total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption and is used to a great extent for domestic and. The air resources board arb has led a multiagency research effort to collect emissions data from latemodel heavyduty transit buses in.
Pdf technical overview of compressed natural gas cng as a. Compressed natural gas vehicles require a greater amount of space for fuel storage than conventional gasolinepowered vehicles. Technical aspects of compressed natural gas properties, storage, safety problems and its effect on engine performance, efficiency, emissions. Sealing materials for natural gas applications in automobiles. Usually several cylinders or tubes are bundled to modules in a 20. Since it is a compressed gas, rather than a liquid like gasoline, cng takes up more space for each gge gasoline gallon equivalent. The improved performance characteristics of cng transport technology offer a number of applications where other forms of methane transport and storage are. Department of transportation dot hosted the workshop on. Different types of natural gas meters and their capacities. An overview of compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel and malaysian scenario article pdf available january 2009 with 2,182 reads how we measure reads.
Compressed natural gas cng is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline petrol, diesel, or propane fuel. The cleanest of the fossil fuels odourless and colourless the gas is originally odourless and is for safety precautions added scent ethylmerkapthan. Fuel experts from china, india, and the united states shared lessons learned about deploying cng and hydrogenfueled vehicles in public transit fleets and the consumer sector at the compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuels. Compressed natural gas, alternative fuel, engine development. Apr 08, 2011 physiochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from cng and diesel buses. Natural gas may be combined with hydrogen to form a mixture known as hcng.
The cng fuel properties and characteristics are shown in table 2. Workshop notes from compressed natural gas and hydrogen. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. To calculate the internal energy of the gas mixture, the fundamental thermodynamics relation has been the starting point as follow. Compressed natural gas, fuel characteristics, gasoline engine. Although the major constituent of natural gas is methane, there are numerous minor components of variable concentration that affect its properties. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. A fossil fuel, natural gas is used for electricity generation, heating, and cooking and as a fuel for certain vehicles.
Air pollution is becoming a serious global as well as urban. Pressure pressure is a measure of the force exerted by a gas per unit area. Compressed natural gas vehicle maintenance facility. Be sure you know the type of compressed gas you are dealing with so you know the proper management requirements. Like all fossil fuels, however, burning natural gas produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The natural gas used in natural gas vehicles is the same natural gas that is used in domestic sector for cooking and heats. Our first rig should be completed by late summer 2012. Natural gas specs sheet fuel providers and their large volume customers particularly electric utilities and possibly other end users are used to defining fuel requirements in the form of spec sheets. Compressed natural gas cng is essentially a methane gas mixture that has been compressed to a high pressure. Thermodynamics effects of work, heat and energy on systems. Several community gas projects currently being developed in north america. Compressed natural gas, natural gas to hydrogen, and electricity from natural gas natural gas for cars natural gas onroad vehicle fuel. Natural gas is used extensively in residential, commercial and industrial applications. Compressed natural gas cng is a fuel that can be used in place of gasoline, diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas lpg.
Material safety data sheet argon compressed roc group of companies page 1 of 6 1. Americas natural gas alliance carbon dioxide compressed natural gas diesel gallon equivalent 1. Computing thermal properties of natural gas by utilizing. Note that there is no guarantee that the combustion properties at your location will be exactly as shown. Cng is produced by compressing the conventional natural gas which is mainly composed of methane ch4 to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. Safety data sheet natural gas southern california gas. In this study, a computer program has been developed to calculate the thermal properties of natural gas mixture in addition of the compressibility factor based on the aga8 eos. Iv compressed natural gas vehicle maintenance facility modification handboo is compressed to pressures up to 5,000 psi and is commonly known as compressed natural gas cng. Pdf an overview of compressed natural gas as an alternative. Typically, cng is filled via a compressor into pressurized steel gas cylinders and, in analogy to other commercially traded gases, transported to the site of the consumer by truck in bundles of up to 25 cylinders. Physiochemical and toxicological properties of emissions. Gases and compressed air air, lng, lpg and other common gas properties, pipeline capacities, sizing of relief valves. Manipulation of compressed gas that is an irritant, oxidizer, asphyxiant, or has other hazardous properties outside of a fume hood may require special ventilation controls in order to minimize. This is particularly the case for diesel trucks and busses operating in densely populated metropolitan areas.
Natural gas must be stored only in approved containers which are properly closed and labeled. Computing thermal properties of natural gas by utilizing aga8. This means well be able to save on energy costs and help. Natural gas is odorized with mercaptan to yield the familiar rotten egg smell. Cng requires a much larger volume to store the same mass of natural gas and the use of very high pressure on.
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